Kim, J. S. et al. Ultra-bright, efficient and stable perovskite light-emitting diodes. Nature 611, 688–694 (2022).Article
CAS
PubMed
ADS
Google Scholar
Liu, X.-K. et al. Metal halide perovskites for light-emitting diodes. Nat. Mater. 20, 10–21 (2021).Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yuan, S. et al. Efficient blue electroluminescence from reduced-dimensional perovskites. Nat. Photonics 18, 425–431 (2024).Article
CAS
ADS
Google Scholar
Wei, K. et al. Perovskite heteroepitaxy for high-efficiency and stable pure-red LEDs. Nature 638, 949–956 (2025).Article
CAS
PubMed
ADS
Google Scholar
Kong, L. et al. Fabrication of red-emitting perovskite LEDs by stabilizing their octahedral structure. Nature 631, 73–79 (2024).Article
CAS
PubMed
ADS
Google Scholar
Li, M. et al. Acceleration of radiative recombination for efficient perovskite LEDs. Nature 630, 631–635 (2024).Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
ADS
Google Scholar
Guo, B. et al. Ultrastable near-infrared perovskite light-emitting diodes. Nat. Photonics 16, 637–643 (2022).Article
CAS
ADS
Google Scholar
Sun, Y. et al. Bright and stable perovskite light-emitting diodes in the near-infrared range. Nature 615, 830–835 (2023).Article
CAS
PubMed
ADS
Google Scholar
Baek, S.-D. et al. Grain engineering for efficient near-infrared perovskite light-emitting diodes. Nat. Commun. 15, 10760 (2024).Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
ADS
Google Scholar
Yi, C. et al. Elevating charge transport layer for stable perovskite light-emitting diodes. Adv. Mater. 36, 2400658 (2024).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Li, Z. et al. Eliminating the adverse impact of composition modulation in perovskite light-emitting diodes toward ultra-high brightness and stability. Adv. Mater. 36, 2313981 (2024).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Li, Z. et al. Grain orientation management and recombination suppression for ultra-stable PeLEDs with record brightness. Joule 8, 1176–1190 (2024).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Liu, Y. et al. Synergistic passivation and stepped-dimensional perovskite analogs enable high-efficiency near-infrared light-emitting diodes. Nat. Commun. 13, 7425 (2022).Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
ADS
Google Scholar
Li, Z. et al. Highly bright perovskite light-emitting diodes enabled by retarded Auger recombination. Nat. Commun. 16, 927 (2025).Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
ADS
Google Scholar
Cao, Y. et al. Perovskite light-emitting diodes based on spontaneously formed submicrometre-scale structures. Nature 562, 249–253 (2018).Article
CAS
PubMed
ADS
Google Scholar
Stranks, S. D. & Snaith, H. J. Metal-halide perovskites for photovoltaic and light-emitting devices. Nat. Nanotechnol. 10, 391–402 (2015).Article
CAS
PubMed
ADS
Google Scholar
Chu, Z. et al. Blue light-emitting diodes based on quasi-two-dimensional perovskite with efficient charge injection and optimized phase distribution via an alkali metal salt. Nat. Electron. 6, 360–369 (2023).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Qin, J. et al. Surfactant-induced hole concentration enhancement for highly efficient perovskite light-emitting diodes. Nat. Mater. 24, 778–784 (2025).Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Li, H. et al. Nanosurface-reconstructed perovskite for highly efficient and stable active-matrix light-emitting diode display. Nat. Nanotechnol. 19, 638–645 (2024).Article
CAS
PubMed
ADS
Google Scholar
Lin, K. et al. Perovskite light-emitting diodes with external quantum efficiency exceeding 20 per cent. Nature 562, 245–248 (2018).Article
CAS
PubMed
ADS
Google Scholar
Fakharuddin, A. et al. Perovskite light-emitting diodes. Nat. Electron. 5, 203–216 (2022).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Dong, J. et al. Multivalent-effect immobilization of reduced-dimensional perovskites for efficient and spectrally stable deep-blue light-emitting diodes. Nat. Nanotechnol. 20, 507–514 (2025).Article
CAS
PubMed
ADS
Google Scholar
Bai, W. et al. Perovskite light-emitting diodes with an external quantum efficiency exceeding 30%. Adv. Mater. 35, 2302283 (2023).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Feng, S. C. et al. Efficient and stable red perovskite light-emitting diodes via thermodynamic crystallization control. Adv. Mater. 36, 2410255 (2024).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Minotto, A. et al. Towards efficient near-infrared fluorescent organic light-emitting diodes. Light Sci. Appl. 10, 18 (2021).Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
ADS
Google Scholar
Zhao, X., Lim, L. J., Ang, S. S. & Tan, Z. Efficient short-wave infrared light-emitting diodes based on heavy-metal-free quantum dots. Adv. Mater. 34, 2206409 (2022).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Li, B. et al. Efficient and stable near-infrared InAs quantum dot light-emitting diodes. Nat. Commun. 16, 2450 (2025).Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
ADS
Google Scholar
Zhang, F. & Zhu, K. Additive engineering for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 10, 1902579 (2020).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Wang, S. et al. Additive-driven enhancement of crystallization: strategies and prospects for boosting photoluminescence quantum yields in halide perovskite films for light-emitting diodes. Adv. Mater. 36, 2413673 (2024).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Feng, W. et al. Small amines bring big benefits to perovskite-based solar cells and light-emitting diodes. Chem 8, 351–383 (2022).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Fu, C. et al. From structural design to functional construction: amine molecules in high-performance formamidinium-based perovskite solar cells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61, e202117067 (2022).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Xu, Y. et al. Impact of amine additives on perovskite precursor aging: a case study of light-emitting diodes. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 12, 5836–5843 (2021).Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hu, J., Kerner, R. A., Pelczer, I., Rand, B. P. & Schwartz, J. Organoammonium-ion-based perovskites can degrade to Pb0 via amine–Pb(II) coordination. ACS Energy Lett. 6, 2262–2267 (2021).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Kuang, C. et al. Critical role of additive-induced molecular interaction on the operational stability of perovskite light-emitting diodes. Joule 5, 618–630 (2021).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Cho, C. et al. The role of photon recycling in perovskite light-emitting diodes. Nat. Commun. 11, 611 (2020).Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
ADS
Google Scholar
Crothers, T. W. et al. Photon reabsorption masks intrinsic bimolecular charge-carrier recombination in CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite. Nano Lett. 17, 5782–5789 (2017).Article
CAS
PubMed
ADS
Google Scholar
Yuan, Y. et al. Shallow defects and variable photoluminescence decay times up to 280 µs in triple-cation perovskites. Nat. Mater. 23, 391–397 (2024).Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Sun, X. et al. Regulating surface-passivator binding priority for efficient perovskite light-emitting diodes. Adv. Mater. 36, 2400347 (2024).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Zhu, L. et al. Unveiling the additive-assisted oriented growth of perovskite crystallite for high performance light-emitting diodes. Nat. Commun. 12, 5081 (2021).Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
ADS
Google Scholar
Guo, Y. et al. Phenylalkylammonium passivation enables perovskite light emitting diodes with record high-radiance operational lifetime: the chain length matters. Nat. Commun. 12, 644 (2021).Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
ADS
Google Scholar
Baek, S.-D., Kwon, D.-K., Kim, Y. C. & Myoung, J.-M. Violet light-emitting diodes based on p-CuI thin film/n-MgZnO quantum dot heterojunction. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12, 6037–6047 (2020).Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar